RC(8) BSD System Manager's Manual RC(8)
NAME
rc -- command scripts for auto-reboot and daemon startup
SYNOPSIS
rc
rc.conf
rc.conf.local
rc.d/
rc.firewall
rc.local
rc.shutdown
rc.subr
DESCRIPTION
The rc utility is the command script which controls the automatic boot process after being called by init(8). The rc.local script contains
commands which are pertinent only to a specific site. Typically, the /usr/local/etc/rc.d/ mechanism is used instead of rc.local these days
but if you want to use rc.local, it is still supported. In this case, it should source /etc/rc.conf and contain additional custom startup
code for your system. The best way to handle rc.local, however, is to separate it out into rc.d/ style scripts and place them under
/usr/local/etc/rc.d/. The rc.conf file contains the global system configuration information referenced by the startup scripts, while
rc.conf.local contains the local system configuration. See rc.conf(5) for more information.
The rc.d/ directories contain scripts which will be automatically executed at boot time and shutdown time.
Operation of rc
1. If autobooting, set autoboot=yes and enable a flag (rc_fast=yes), which prevents the rc.d/ scripts from performing the check for already
running processes (thus speeding up the boot process). This rc_fast=yes speedup will not occur when rc is started up after exiting the
single-user shell.
2. Determine whether the system is booting diskless, and if so run the /etc/rc.initdiskless script.
3. Source /etc/rc.subr to load various rc.subr(8) shell functions to use.
4. Load the configuration files.
5. Determine if booting in a jail, and add ``nojail'' (no jails allowed) or ``nojailvnet'' (only allow vnet-enabled jails) to the list of
KEYWORDS to skip in rcorder(8).
6. If the file ${firstboot_sentinel} does not exist, add ``firstboot'' to the list of KEYWORDS to skip in rcorder(8).
7. Invoke rcorder(8) to order the files in /etc/rc.d/ that do not have a ``nostart'' KEYWORD (refer to rcorder(8)'s -s flag).
8. Call each script in turn using run_rc_script() (from rc.subr(8)), which sets $1 to ``start'', and sources the script in a subshell. If
the script has a .sh suffix then it is sourced directly into the current shell. Stop processing when the script that is the value of
the $early_late_divider has been run.
9. Check again to see if the file ${firstboot_sentinel} exists (in case it is located on a newly mounted file system) and adjust the list
of KEYWORDs to skip appropriately.
10. Re-run rcorder(8), this time including the scripts in the $local_startup directories. Ignore everything up to the $early_late_divider,
then start executing the scripts as described above.
11. If the file ${firstboot_sentinel} exists, delete it. If the file ${firstboot_sentinel}-reboot also exists (because it was created by a
script), then delete it and reboot.
Operation of rc.shutdown
1. Source /etc/rc.subr to load various rc.subr(8) shell functions to use.
2. Load the configuration files.
3. Invoke rcorder(8) to order the files in /etc/rc.d/ and the $local_startup directories that have a ``shutdown'' KEYWORD (refer to
rcorder(8)'s -k flag), reverse that order, and assign the result to a variable.
4. Call each script in turn using run_rc_script() (from rc.subr(8)), which sets $1 to ``stop'', and sources the script in a subshell. If
the script has a .sh suffix then it is sourced directly into the current shell.
Contents of rc.d/
rc.d/ is located in /etc/rc.d/. The following file naming conventions are currently used in rc.d/:
ALLUPPERCASE Scripts that are ``placeholders'' to ensure that certain operations are performed before others. In order of startup,
these are:
NETWORKING Ensure basic network services are running, including general network configuration.
SERVERS Ensure basic services exist for services that start early (such as nisdomain), because they are required by
DAEMON below.
DAEMON Check-point before all general purpose daemons such as lpd and ntpd.
LOGIN Check-point before user login services (inetd and sshd), as well as services which might run commands as
users (cron and sendmail).
foo.sh Scripts that are to be sourced into the current shell rather than a subshell have a .sh suffix. Extreme care must be
taken in using this, as the startup sequence will terminate if the script does.
bar Scripts that are sourced in a subshell. The boot does not stop if such a script terminates with a non-zero status, but a
script can stop the boot if necessary by invoking the stop_boot() function (from rc.subr(8)).
Each script should contain rcorder(8) keywords, especially an appropriate ``PROVIDE'' entry, and if necessary ``REQUIRE'' and ``BEFORE'' key-
words.
Each script is expected to support at least the following arguments, which are automatically supported if it uses the run_rc_command() func-
tion:
start Start the service. This should check that the service is to be started as specified by rc.conf(5). Also checks if the ser-
vice is already running and refuses to start if it is. This latter check is not performed by standard FreeBSD scripts if the
system is starting directly to multi-user mode, to speed up the boot process. If forcestart is given, ignore the rc.conf(5)
check and start anyway.
stop If the service is to be started as specified by rc.conf(5), stop the service. This should check that the service is running
and complain if it is not. If forcestop is given, ignore the rc.conf(5) check and attempt to stop.
restart Perform a stop then a start.
status If the script starts a process (rather than performing a one-off operation), show the status of the process. Otherwise it is
not necessary to support this argument. Defaults to displaying the process ID of the program (if running).
poll If the script starts a process (rather than performing a one-off operation), wait for the command to exit. Otherwise it is
not necessary to support this argument.
enabled Return 0 if the service is enabled and 1 if it is not. This command does not print anything.
rcvar Display which rc.conf(5) variables are used to control the startup of the service (if any).
If a script must implement additional commands it can list them in the extra_commands variable, and define their actions in a variable con-
structed from the command name (see the EXAMPLES section).
The following key points apply to old-style scripts in /usr/local/etc/rc.d/:
o Scripts are only executed if their basename(1) matches the shell globbing pattern *.sh, and they are executable. Any other files or
directories present within the directory are silently ignored.
o When a script is executed at boot time, it is passed the string ``start'' as its first and only argument. At shutdown time, it is passed
the string ``stop'' as its first and only argument. All rc.d/ scripts are expected to handle these arguments appropriately. If no
action needs to be taken at a given time (either boot time or shutdown time), the script should exit successfully and without producing
an error message.
o The scripts within each directory are executed in lexicographical order. If a specific order is required, numbers may be used as a pre-
fix to the existing filenames, so for example 100.foo would be executed before 200.bar; without the numeric prefixes the opposite would
be true.
o The output from each script is traditionally a space character, followed by the name of the software package being started or shut down,
without a trailing newline character (see the EXAMPLES section).
SCRIPTS OF INTEREST
When an automatic reboot is in progress, rc is invoked with the argument autoboot. One of the scripts run from /etc/rc.d/ is /etc/rc.d/fsck.
This script runs fsck(8) with option -p and -F to ``preen'' all the disks of minor inconsistencies resulting from the last system shutdown.
If this fails, then checks/repairs of serious inconsistencies caused by hardware or software failure will be performed in the background at
the end of the booting process. If autoboot is not set, when going from single-user to multi-user mode for example, the script does not do
anything.
The /etc/rc.d/local script can execute scripts from multiple rc.d/ directories. The default location includes /usr/local/etc/rc.d/, but
these may be overridden with the local_startup rc.conf(5) variable.
The /etc/rc.d/serial script is used to set any special configurations for serial devices.
The rc.firewall script is used to configure rules for the kernel based firewall service. It has several possible options:
open will allow anyone in
client will try to protect just this machine
simple will try to protect a whole network
closed totally disables IP services except via lo0 interface
UNKNOWN disables the loading of firewall rules
filename will load the rules in the given filename (full path required).
The /etc/rc.d/atm* scripts are used to configure ATM network interfaces. The interfaces are configured in three passes. The first pass per-
forms the initial interface configuration. The second pass completes the interface configuration and defines PVCs and permanent ATMARP
entries. The third pass starts any ATM daemons.
Most daemons, including network related daemons, have their own script in /etc/rc.d/, which can be used to start, stop, and check the status
of the service.
Any architecture specific scripts, such as /etc/rc.d/apm for example, specifically check that they are on that architecture before starting
the daemon.
Following tradition, all startup files reside in /etc.
FILES
/etc/rc
/etc/rc.conf
/etc/rc.conf.local
/etc/rc.d/
/etc/rc.firewall
/etc/rc.local
/etc/rc.shutdown
/etc/rc.subr
/var/run/dmesg.boot dmesg(8) results soon after the rc process begins. Useful when dmesg(8) buffer in the kernel no longer has
this information.
EXAMPLES
The following is a minimal rc.d/ style script. Most scripts require little more than the following.
#!/bin/sh
#
# PROVIDE: foo
# REQUIRE: bar_service_required_to_precede_foo
. /etc/rc.subr
name="foo"
rcvar=foo_enable
command="/usr/local/bin/foo"
load_rc_config $name
run_rc_command "$1"
Certain scripts may want to provide enhanced functionality. The user may access this functionality through additional commands. The script
may list and define as many commands at it needs.
#!/bin/sh
#
# PROVIDE: foo
# REQUIRE: bar_service_required_to_precede_foo
# BEFORE: baz_service_requiring_foo_to_precede_it
. /etc/rc.subr
name="foo"
rcvar=foo_enable
command="/usr/local/bin/foo"
extra_commands="nop hello"
hello_cmd="echo Hello World."
nop_cmd="do_nop"
do_nop()
{
echo "I do nothing."
}
load_rc_config $name
run_rc_command "$1"
As all processes are killed by init(8) at shutdown, the explicit kill(1) is unnecessary, but is often included.
SEE ALSO
kill(1), rc.conf(5), init(8), rc.subr(8), rcorder(8), reboot(8), savecore(8)
HISTORY
The rc utility appeared in 4.0BSD.
BSD
December 25, 2013 BSD