MANDOC_CHAR(7) BSD Miscellaneous Information Manual MANDOC_CHAR(7)
NAME
mandoc_char -- mandoc special characters
DESCRIPTION
This page documents the roff(7) escape sequences accepted by mandoc(1) to represent special characters in mdoc(7) and man(7) documents.
The rendering depends on the mandoc(1) output mode; in ASCII output, most characters are completely unintelligible. For that reason, using
any of the special characters documented here, except those discussed in the DESCRIPTION, is strongly discouraged; they are supported merely
for backwards compatibility with existing documents.
In particular, in English manual pages, do not use special-character escape sequences to represent national language characters in author
names; instead, provide ASCII transcriptions of the names.
Dashes and Hyphens
In typography there are different types of dashes of various width: the hyphen (-), the minus sign (-), the en-dash (-), and the em-dash
(--).
Hyphens are used for adjectives; to separate the two parts of a compound word; or to separate a word across two successive lines of text.
The hyphen does not need to be escaped:
blue-eyed
lorry-driver
The mathematical minus sign is used for negative numbers or subtraction. It should be written as '-':
a = 3 - 1;
b = -2;
The en-dash is used to separate the two elements of a range, or can be used the same way as an em-dash. It should be written as '(en':
pp. 95(en97.
Go away (en or else!
The em-dash can be used to show an interruption or can be used the same way as colons, semi-colons, or parentheses. It should be written as
'(em':
Three things (em apples, oranges, and bananas.
This is not that (em rather, this is that.
Note: hyphens, minus signs, and en-dashes look identical under normal ASCII output. Other formats, such as PostScript, render them cor-
rectly, with differing widths.
Spaces
To separate words in normal text, for indenting and alignment in literal context, and when none of the following special cases apply, just
use the normal space character (' ').
When filling text, output lines may be broken between words, i.e. at space characters. To prevent a line break between two particular words,
use the unpaddable non-breaking space escape sequence (' ') instead of the normal space character. For example, the input string
``number 1'' will be kept together as ``number 1'' on the same output line.
On request and macro lines, the normal space character serves as an argument delimiter. To include whitespace into arguments, quoting is
usually the best choice; see the MACRO SYNTAX section in roff(7). In some cases, using the non-breaking space escape sequence (' ') may be
preferable.
To escape macro names and to protect whitespace at the end of input lines, the zero-width space ('&') is often useful. For example, in
mdoc(7), a normal space character can be displayed in single quotes in either of the following ways:
.Sq " "
.Sq &
Quotes
On request and macro lines, the double-quote character ('"') is handled specially to allow quoting. One way to prevent this special handling
is by using the '(dq' escape sequence.
Note that on text lines, literal double-quote characters can be used verbatim. All other quote-like characters can be used verbatim as well,
even on request and macro lines.
Periods
The period ('.') is handled specially at the beginning of an input line, where it introduces a roff(7) request or a macro, and when appearing
alone as a macro argument in mdoc(7). In such situations, prepend a zero-width space ('&.') to make it behave like normal text.
Do not use the '.' escape sequence. It does not prevent special handling of the period.
Backslashes
To include a literal backslash ('') into the output, use the ('e') escape sequence.
Note that doubling it ('\') is not the right way to output a backslash. Because mandoc(1) does not implement full roff(7) functionality, it
may work with mandoc(1), but it may have weird effects on complete roff(7) implementations.
SPECIAL CHARACTERS
Special characters are encoded as 'X' (for a one-character escape), '(XX' (two-character), and '[N]' (N-character). For details, see the
Special Characters subsection of the roff(7) manual.
Spacing:
Input Description
' unpaddable non-breaking space'
~ paddable non-breaking space
unpaddable, breaking digit-width space
| one-sixth (em narrow space, zero width in nroff mode
^ one-twelfth (em half-narrow space, zero width in nroff
& zero-width space
\% zero-width space allowing hyphenation
Lines:
Input Rendered Description
(ba | bar
(br | box rule
(ul _ underscore
(rl overline
(bb | broken bar
(sl / forward slash
(rs backward slash
Text markers:
Input Rendered Description
(ci O circle
(bu o bullet
(dd = double dagger
(dg - dagger
(lz <> lozenge
(sq [] white square
(ps 9| paragraph
(sc S section
(lh <= left hand
(rh => right hand
(at @ at
(sh # hash (pound)
(CR _| carriage return
(OK check mark
Legal symbols:
Input Rendered Description
(co (C) copyright
(rg (R) registered
(tm tm trademarked
Punctuation:
Input Rendered Description
(em -- em-dash
(en - en-dash
(hy - hyphen
e back-slash
. . period
(r! i upside-down exclamation
(r? c upside-down question
Quotes:
Input Rendered Description
(Bq ,, right low double-quote
(bq , right low single-quote
(lq " left double-quote
(rq " right double-quote
(oq ' left single-quote
(cq ' right single-quote
(aq ' apostrophe quote (text)
(dq " double quote (text)
(Fo << left guillemet
(Fc >> right guillemet
(fo < left single guillemet
(fc > right single guillemet
Brackets:
Input Rendered Description
(lB [ left bracket
(rB ] right bracket
(lC { left brace
(rC } right brace
(la < left angle
(ra > right angle
(bv | brace extension
[braceex] brace extension
[bracketlefttp] top-left hooked bracket
[bracketleftbp] bottom-left hooked bracket
[bracketleftex] left hooked bracket extension
[bracketrighttp] top-right hooked bracket
[bracketrightbp] bottom-right hooked bracket
[bracketrightex] right hooked bracket extension
(lt ,- top-left hooked brace
[bracelefttp] top-left hooked brace
(lk { mid-left hooked brace
[braceleftmid] mid-left hooked brace
(lb `- bottom-left hooked brace
[braceleftbp] bottom-left hooked brace
[braceleftex] left hooked brace extension
(rt -. top-left hooked brace
[bracerighttp] top-right hooked brace
(rk } mid-right hooked brace
[bracerightmid] mid-right hooked brace
(rb -' bottom-right hooked brace
[bracerightbp] bottom-right hooked brace
[bracerightex] right hooked brace extension
[parenlefttp] top-left hooked parenthesis
[parenleftbp] bottom-left hooked parenthesis
[parenleftex] left hooked parenthesis extension
[parenrighttp] top-right hooked parenthesis
[parenrightbp] bottom-right hooked parenthesis
[parenrightex] right hooked parenthesis extension
Arrows:
Input Rendered Description
(<- <- left arrow
(-> -> right arrow
(<> <-> left-right arrow
(da v down arrow
(ua ^ up arrow
(va up-down arrow
(lA <= left double-arrow
(rA => right double-arrow
(hA <=> left-right double-arrow
(uA ^ up double-arrow
(dA v down double-arrow
(vA up-down double-arrow
Logical:
Input Rendered Description
(AN ^ logical and
(OR v logical or
(no ~ logical not
[tno] ~ logical not (text)
(te 3 existential quantifier
(fa V universal quantifier
(st -) such that
(tf .:. therefore
(3d .:. therefore
(or | bitwise or
Mathematical:
Input Rendered Description
(pl + plus
(mi - minus
- - minus (text)
(-+ -+ minus-plus
(+- +- plus-minus
[t+-] +- plus-minus (text)
(pc . centre-dot
(mu x multiply
[tmu] x multiply (text)
(c* x circle-multiply
(c+ + circle-plus
(di -:- divide
[tdi] -:- divide (text)
(f/ / fraction
(** * asterisk
(<= <= less-than-equal
(>= >= greater-than-equal
(<< << much less
(>> >> much greater
(eq = equal
(!= != not equal
(== == equivalent
(ne !== not equivalent
(=~ =~ congruent
(-~ asymptotically congruent
(ap ~ asymptotically similar
(~~ ~~ approximately similar
(~= ~= approximately equal
(pt oc proportionate
(es {} empty set
(mo E element
(nm E not element
(sb (= proper subset
(nb not subset
(sp =) proper superset
(nc not superset
(ib (_ reflexive subset
(ip _) reflexive superset
(ca (^) intersection
(cu U union
(/_ / angle
(pp | perpendicular
(is I integral
[integral] integral
[sum] summation
[product] product
[coproduct] _ coproduct
(gr V gradient
(sr / square root
[sqrt] square root
(lc |~ left-ceiling
(rc ~| right-ceiling
(lf |_ left-floor
(rf _| right-floor
(if oo infinity
(Ah N aleph
(Im I imaginary
(Re R real
(pd a partial differential
(-h Planck constant over 2n
[12] 1/2 one-half
[14] 1/4 one-fourth
[34] 3/4 three-fourths
Ligatures:
Input Rendered Description
(ff ff ff ligature
(fi fi fi ligature
(fl fl fl ligature
(Fi ffi ffi ligature
(Fl ffl ffl ligature
(AE AE AE
(ae ae ae
(OE OE OE
(oe oe oe
(ss B German eszett
(IJ IJ IJ ligature
(ij ij ij ligature
Accents:
Input Rendered Description
(a" _ Hungarian umlaut
(a- macron
(a. dotted
(a^ ^ circumflex
(aa ' acute
' ' acute
(ga ` grave
` ` grave
(ab ` breve
(ac , cedilla
(ad " dieresis
(ah v caron
(ao o ring
(a~ ~ tilde
(ho , ogonek
(ha ^ hat (text)
(ti ~ tilde (text)
Accented letters:
Input Rendered Description
('A A acute A
('E E acute E
('I I acute I
('O O acute O
('U U acute U
('a a acute a
('e e acute e
('i i acute i
('o o acute o
('u u acute u
(`A A grave A
(`E E grave E
(`I I grave I
(`O O grave O
(`U U grave U
(`a a grave a
(`e e grave e
(`i i grave i
(`o i grave o
(`u u grave u
(~A A tilde A
(~N N tilde N
(~O O tilde O
(~a a tilde a
(~n n tilde n
(~o o tilde o
(:A A dieresis A
(:E E dieresis E
(:I I dieresis I
(:O O dieresis O
(:U U dieresis U
(:a a dieresis a
(:e e dieresis e
(:i i dieresis i
(:o o dieresis o
(:u u dieresis u
(:y y dieresis y
(^A A circumflex A
(^E E circumflex E
(^I I circumflex I
(^O O circumflex O
(^U U circumflex U
(^a a circumflex a
(^e e circumflex e
(^i i circumflex i
(^o o circumflex o
(^u u circumflex u
(,C C cedilla C
(,c c cedilla c
(/L L stroke L
(/l l stroke l
(/O O stroke O
(/o o stroke o
(oA A ring A
(oa a ring a
Special letters:
Input Rendered Description
(-D D Eth
(Sd o eth
(TP b Thorn
(Tp b thorn
(.i i dotless i
(.j dotless j
Currency:
Input Rendered Description
(Do $ dollar
(ct c cent
(Eu EUR Euro symbol
(eu EUR Euro symbol
(Ye Y yen
(Po L pound
(Cs x Scandinavian
(Fn f florin
Units:
Input Rendered Description
(de o degree
(%0 %o per-thousand
(fm ' minute
(sd '' second
(mc u micro
Greek letters:
Input Rendered Description
(*A A Alpha
(*B B_ Beta
(*G | Gamma
(*D / Delta
(*E E Epsilon
(*Z Z Zeta
(*Y H Eta
(*H O Theta
(*I I Iota
(*K K Kappa
(*L / Lambda
(*M M Mu
(*N N Nu
(*C H Xi
(*O O Omicron
(*P TT Pi
(*R _ Rho
(*S > Sigma
(*T T Tau
(*U Y Upsilon
(*F O Phi
(*X X Chi
(*Q Y Psi
(*W O Omega
(*a a alpha
(*b B beta
(*g y gamma
(*d d delta
(*e e epsilon
(*z C zeta
(*y n eta
(*h 0 theta
(*i i iota
(*k k kappa
(*l lambda
(*m u mu
(*n v nu
(*c E xi
(*o o omicron
(*p n pi
(*r p rho
(*s o sigma
(*t t tau
(*u u upsilon
(*f o phi
(*x x chi
(*q u psi
(*w w omega
(+h 0 theta variant
(+f o phi variant
(+p w pi variant
(+e e epsilon variant
(ts s sigma terminal
PREDEFINED STRINGS
Predefined strings are inherited from the macro packages of historical troff implementations. They are not recommended for use, as they dif-
fer across implementations. Manuals using these predefined strings are almost certainly not portable.
Their syntax is similar to special characters, using '*X' (for a one-character escape), '*(XX' (two-character), and '*[N]' (N-character).
For details, see the Predefined Strings subsection of the roff(7) manual.
Input Rendered Description
*(Ba | vertical bar
*(Ne != not equal
*(Ge >= greater-than-equal
*(Le <= less-than-equal
*(Gt > greater-than
*(Lt < less-than
*(Pm +- plus-minus
*(If infinity infinity
*(Pi pi pi
*(Na NaN NaN
*(Am & ampersand
*R restricted mark
*(Tm trade mark
*q " double-quote
*(Rq '' right-double-quote
*(Lq `` left-double-quote
*(lp ( right-parenthesis
*(rp ) left-parenthesis
*(lq left double-quote
*(rq right double-quote
*(ua ^ up arrow
*(va up-down arrow
*(<= <= less-than-equal
*(>= >= greater-than-equal
*(aa ' acute
*(ga ` grave
*(Px POSIX POSIX standard name
*(Ai ANSI ANSI standard name
UNICODE CHARACTERS
The escape sequences
[uXXXX] and C'uXXXX'
are interpreted as Unicode codepoints. The codepoint must be in the range above U+0080 and less than U+10FFFF. For compatibility, the hexa-
decimal digits 'A' to 'F' must be given as uppercase characters, and points must be zero-padded to four characters; if greater than four
characters, no zero padding is allowed. Unicode surrogates are not allowed.
NUMBERED CHARACTERS
For backward compatibility with existing manuals, mandoc(1) also supports the
N'number'
escape sequence, inserting the character number from the current character set into the output. Of course, this is inherently non-portable
and is already marked as deprecated in the Heirloom roff manual. For example, do not use N'34', use (dq, or even the plain '"' character
where possible.
COMPATIBILITY
This section documents compatibility between mandoc and other troff implementations, at this time limited to GNU troff ("groff").
- The N'' escape sequence is limited to printable characters; in groff, it accepts arbitrary character numbers.
- In -Tascii, the (ss, (nm, (nb, (nc, (ib, (ip, (pp, [sum], [product], [coproduct], (gr, (-h, and (a. special characters ren-
der differently between mandoc and groff.
- In -Thtml and -Txhtml, the (~=, (nb, and (nc special characters render differently between mandoc and groff.
- The -Tps and -Tpdf modes format like -Tascii instead of rendering glyphs as in groff.
- The [radicalex], [sqrtex], and (ru special characters have been omitted from mandoc either because they are poorly documented or they
have no known representation.
SEE ALSO
mandoc(1), man(7), mdoc(7), roff(7)
AUTHORS
The mandoc_char manual page was written by Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@bsd.lv>.
CAVEATS
The predefined string '*(Ba' mimics the behaviour of the '|' character in mdoc(7); thus, if you wish to render a vertical bar with no side
effects, use the '(ba' escape.
BSD
December 26, 2013 BSD