acorn-fdisk(8) [debian man page]
FDISK(8) BSD System Manager's Manual FDISK(8) NAME
acorn-fdisk -- partition editor for Acorn/RISC OS machines SYNOPSIS
acorn-fdisk -h | --help | -v | --version acorn-fdisk [-t scheme | --type scheme] -l | --list [device ...] acorn-fdisk [-t scheme | --type scheme] -s | --size partition acorn-fdisk [-t scheme | --type scheme] [device] DESCRIPTION
The acorn-fdisk utility allows one to display or interactively edit partition tables for Acorn/RISC OS machines in various formats. Using the PC/BIOS format, standard IBM PC (i386) partition tables can also be accessed. When no optional device is given, it defaults to /dev/hda or /dev/sda. The options are as follows: -h | --help Display a short usage and exit immediately. -l | --list Display the partition table(s) of all devices. -s | --size Display the size of partition. -t | --type Select the partitioning scheme to use. Valid schemes are: EESOX Eesox SCSI on the Acorn machines. ICSIDEFS ICS IDE. Filecore/Linux Linux on Filecore. This uses the non-ADFS descriptor to point to the start of the disc to be partitioned. The first two sectors contain a partition table to identify the Linux partitions contained within. PC/BIOS PC/BIOS partitioning scheme. This consists of a partition table in the first sector of the disk which contains both CHS and LBA values for the partitions. There can be up to four entries in the primary partition table. One of these can be an extended partition containing up to four extra partitions. PowerTec PowerTec SCSI on the Acorn machines. Filecore/RISCiX RiscIX on Filecore. -v | --version Display the version of acorn-fdisk and exit immediately. If neither -l | --list or -s | --size are given, the partition table of the given device will be edited interactively. EXAMPLES
Display the default device's partition table on a PC: acorn-fdisk --type PC/BIOS -l Display the PC partition table of /dev/sda: acorn-fdisk --type PC/BIOS --list /dev/sda Display the size in blocks of the partition /dev/sda1: acorn-fdisk --type PC/BIOS --size /dev/sda1 Edit the MBR partition table interactively: acorn-fdisk --type PC/BIOS Display the partition table of an MBR backed up to a file: acorn-fdisk -t PC/BIOS -l mbrdump.bin Display the size of the first partition on a device where the MBR would be restored from the backup file mbrdump.bin: acorn-fdisk -t PC/BIOS -s mbrdump.bin1 AUTHORS
arm-fdisk was written by Russell King <rmk@arm.uk.linux.org> based on util-linux fdisk, which was written at least partially by A. V. Le Blanc <LeBlanc@mcc.ac.uk>. This manual page was written for the Debian system by Thorsten Glaser <tg@debian.org> but may be used by others. BSD
October 2, 2010 BSD
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FDISK(8) Linux Programmer's Manual FDISK(8) NAME
fdisk - Partition table manipulator for Linux SYNOPSIS
fdisk [-u] [-b sectorsize] [-C cyls] [-H heads] [-S sects] device fdisk -l [-u] [device ...] fdisk -s partition ... fdisk -v DESCRIPTION
Hard disks can be divided into one or more logical disks called partitions. This division is described in the partition table found in sector 0 of the disk. In the BSD world one talks about `disk slices' and a `disklabel'. Linux needs at least one partition, namely for its root file system. It can use swap files and/or swap partitions, but the latter are more efficient. So, usually one will want a second Linux partition dedicated as swap partition. On Intel compatible hardware, the BIOS that boots the system can often only access the first 1024 cylinders of the disk. For this reason people with large disks often create a third partition, just a few MB large, typically mounted on /boot, to store the kernel image and a few auxiliary files needed at boot time, so as to make sure that this stuff is accessible to the BIOS. There may be reasons of security, ease of administration and backup, or testing, to use more than the minimum number of partitions. fdisk (in the first form of invocation) is a menu driven program for creation and manipulation of partition tables. It understands DOS type partition tables and BSD or SUN type disklabels. The device is usually one of the following: /dev/hda /dev/hdb /dev/sda /dev/sdb (/dev/hd[a-h] for IDE disks, /dev/sd[a-p] for SCSI disks, /dev/ed[a-d] for ESDI disks, /dev/xd[ab] for XT disks). A device name refers to the entire disk. The partition is a device name followed by a partition number. For example, /dev/hda1 is the first partition on the first IDE hard disk in the system. Disks can have up to 15 partitions. See also /usr/src/linux/Documentation/devices.txt. A BSD/SUN type disklabel can describe 8 partitions, the third of which should be a `whole disk' partition. Do not start a partition that actually uses its first sector (like a swap partition) at cylinder 0, since that will destroy the disklabel. An IRIX/SGI type disklabel can describe 16 partitions, the eleventh of which should be an entire `volume' partition, while the ninth should be labeled `volume header'. The volume header will also cover the partition table, i.e., it starts at block zero and extends by default over five cylinders. The remaining space in the volume header may be used by header directory entries. No partitions may overlap with the volume header. Also do not change its type and make some file system on it, since you will lose the partition table. Use this type of label only when working with Linux on IRIX/SGI machines or IRIX/SGI disks under Linux. A DOS type partition table can describe an unlimited number of partitions. In sector 0 there is room for the description of 4 partitions (called `primary'). One of these may be an extended partition; this is a box holding logical partitions, with descriptors found in a linked list of sectors, each preceding the corresponding logical partitions. The four primary partitions, present or not, get numbers 1-4. Logi- cal partitions start numbering from 5. In a DOS type partition table the starting offset and the size of each partition is stored in two ways: as an absolute number of sectors (given in 32 bits) and as a Cylinders/Heads/Sectors triple (given in 10+8+6 bits). The former is OK - with 512-byte sectors this will work up to 2 TB. The latter has two different problems. First of all, these C/H/S fields can be filled only when the number of heads and the number of sectors per track are known. Secondly, even if we know what these numbers should be, the 24 bits that are available do not suf- fice. DOS uses C/H/S only, Windows uses both, Linux never uses C/H/S. If possible, fdisk will obtain the disk geometry automatically. This is not necessarily the physical disk geometry (indeed, modern disks do not really have anything like a physical geometry, certainly not something that can be described in simplistic Cylinders/Heads/Sectors form), but is the disk geometry that MS-DOS uses for the partition table. Usually all goes well by default, and there are no problems if Linux is the only system on the disk. However, if the disk has to be shared with other operating systems, it is often a good idea to let an fdisk from another operating system make at least one partition. When Linux boots it looks at the partition table, and tries to deduce what (fake) geometry is required for good cooperation with other systems. Whenever a partition table is printed out, a consistency check is performed on the partition table entries. This check verifies that the physical and logical start and end points are identical, and that the partition starts and ends on a cylinder boundary (except for the first partition). Some versions of MS-DOS create a first partition which does not begin on a cylinder boundary, but on sector 2 of the first cylinder. Par- titions beginning in cylinder 1 cannot begin on a cylinder boundary, but this is unlikely to cause difficulty unless you have OS/2 on your machine. A sync() and a BLKRRPART ioctl() (reread partition table from disk) are performed before exiting when the partition table has been updated. Long ago it used to be necessary to reboot after the use of fdisk. I do not think this is the case anymore - indeed, rebooting too quickly might cause loss of not-yet-written data. Note that both the kernel and the disk hardware may buffer data. DOS 6.x WARNING The DOS 6.x FORMAT command looks for some information in the first sector of the data area of the partition, and treats this information as more reliable than the information in the partition table. DOS FORMAT expects DOS FDISK to clear the first 512 bytes of the data area of a partition whenever a size change occurs. DOS FORMAT will look at this extra information even if the /U flag is given -- we consider this a bug in DOS FORMAT and DOS FDISK. The bottom line is that if you use cfdisk or fdisk to change the size of a DOS partition table entry, then you must also use dd to zero the first 512 bytes of that partition before using DOS FORMAT to format the partition. For example, if you were using cfdisk to make a DOS partition table entry for /dev/hda1, then (after exiting fdisk or cfdisk and rebooting Linux so that the partition table information is valid) you would use the command "dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/hda1 bs=512 count=1" to zero the first 512 bytes of the partition. BE EXTREMELY CAREFUL if you use the dd command, since a small typo can make all of the data on your disk useless. For best results, you should always use an OS-specific partition table program. For example, you should make DOS partitions with the DOS FDISK program and Linux partitions with the Linux fdisk or Linux cfdisk program. OPTIONS
-b sectorsize Specify the sector size of the disk. Valid values are 512, 1024, or 2048. (Recent kernels know the sector size. Use this only on old kernels or to override the kernel's ideas.) -C cyls Specify the number of cylinders of the disk. I have no idea why anybody would want to do so. -H heads Specify the number of heads of the disk. (Not the physical number, of course, but the number used for partition tables.) Reasonable values are 255 and 16. -S sects Specify the number of sectors per track of the disk. (Not the physical number, of course, but the number used for partition tables.) A reasonable value is 63. -l List the partition tables for the specified devices and then exit. If no devices are given, those mentioned in /proc/partitions (if that exists) are used. -u When listing partition tables, give sizes in sectors instead of cylinders. -s partition The size of the partition (in blocks) is printed on the standard output. -v Print version number of fdisk program and exit. BUGS
There are several *fdisk programs around. Each has its problems and strengths. Try them in the order cfdisk, fdisk, sfdisk. (Indeed, cfdisk is a beautiful program that has strict requirements on the partition tables it accepts, and produces high quality partition tables. Use it if you can. fdisk is a buggy program that does fuzzy things - usually it happens to produce reasonable results. Its single advan- tage is that it has some support for BSD disk labels and other non-DOS partition tables. Avoid it if you can. sfdisk is for hackers only - the user interface is terrible, but it is more correct than fdisk and more powerful than both fdisk and cfdisk. Moreover, it can be used noninteractively.) The IRIX/SGI type disklabel is currently not supported by the kernel. Moreover, IRIX/SGI header directories are not fully supported yet. The option `dump partition table to file' is missing. SEE ALSO
cfdisk(8), mkfs(8), parted(8), sfdisk(8) Linux 2.0 11 June 1998 FDISK(8)