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NTFSCLONE(8) System Manager's Manual NTFSCLONE(8)
NAME
ntfsclone - Efficiently clone, image, restore or rescue an NTFS
SYNOPSIS
ntfsclone [OPTIONS] SOURCE
ntfsclone --save-image [OPTIONS] SOURCE
ntfsclone --restore-image [OPTIONS] SOURCE
ntfsclone --metadata [OPTIONS] SOURCE
DESCRIPTION
ntfsclone will efficiently clone (copy, save, backup, restore) or rescue an NTFS filesystem to a sparse file, image, device (partition) or
standard output. It works at disk sector level and copies only the used data. Unused disk space becomes zero (cloning to sparse file),
encoded with control codes (saving in special image format), left unchanged (cloning to a disk/partition) or filled with zeros (cloning to
standard output).
ntfsclone can be useful to make backups, an exact snapshot of an NTFS filesystem and restore it later on, or for developers to test NTFS
read/write functionality, troubleshoot/investigate users' issues using the clone without the risk of destroying the original filesystem.
The clone, if not using the special image format, is an exact copy of the original NTFS filesystem from sector to sector thus it can be
also mounted just like the original NTFS filesystem. For example if you clone to a file and the kernel has loopback device and NTFS sup-
port then the file can be mounted as
mount -t ntfs -o loop ntfsclone.img /mnt/ntfsclone
Windows Cloning
If you want to copy, move or restore a system or boot partition to another computer, or to a different disk or partition (e.g. hda1->hda2,
hda1->hdb1 or to a different disk sector offset) then you will need to take extra care.
Usually, Windows will not be able to boot, unless you copy, move or restore NTFS to the same partition which starts at the same sector on
the same type of disk having the same BIOS legacy cylinder setting as the original partition and disk had.
The ntfsclone utility guarantees to make an exact copy of NTFS but it won't deal with booting issues. This is by design: ntfsclone is a
filesystem, not system utility. Its aim is only NTFS cloning, not Windows cloning. Hereby ntfsclone can be used as a very fast and reliable
build block for Windows clonning but itself it's not enough. You can find useful tips following the related links on the below page
http://wiki.linux-ntfs.org/doku.php?id=ntfsclone
Sparse Files
A file is sparse if it has unallocated blocks (holes). The reported size of such files are always higher than the disk space consumed by
them. The du command can tell the real disk space used by a sparse file. The holes are always read as zeros. All major Linux filesystem
like, ext2, ext3, reiserfs, Reiser4, JFS and XFS, supports sparse files but for example the ISO 9600 CD-ROM filesystem doesn't.
Handling Large Sparse Files
As of today Linux provides inadequate support for managing (tar, cp, gzip, gunzip, bzip2, bunzip2, cat, etc) large sparse files. The only
main Linux filesystem having support for efficient sparse file handling is XFS by the XFS_IOC_GETBMAPX ioctl(2). However none of the com-
mon utilities supports it. This means when you tar, cp, gzip, bzip2, etc a large sparse file they will always read the entire file, even
if you use the "sparse support" options.
bzip2(1) compresses large sparse files much better than gzip(1) but it does so also much slower. Moreover neither of them handles large
sparse files efficiently during uncompression from disk space usage point of view.
At present the most efficient way, both speed and space-wise, to compress and uncompress large sparse files by common tools would be using
tar(1) with the options -S (handle sparse files "efficiently") and -j (filter the archive through bzip2). Although tar still reads and
analyses the entire file, it doesn't pass on the large data blocks having only zeros to filters and it also avoids writing large amount of
zeros to the disk needlessly. But since tar can't create an archive from the standard input, you can't do this in-place by just reading
ntfsclone standard output. Even more sadly, using the -S option results serious data loss since the end of 2004 and the GNU tar maintainers
didn't release fixed versions until the present day.
The Special Image Format
It's also possible, actually it's recommended, to save an NTFS filesystem to a special image format. Instead of representing unallocated
blocks as holes, they are encoded using control codes. Thus, the image saves space without requiring sparse file support. The image format
is ideal for streaming filesystem images over the network and similar, and can be used as a replacement for Ghost or Partition Image if it
is combined with other tools. The downside is that you can't mount the image directly, you need to restore it first.
To save an image using the special image format, use the -s or the --save-image option. To restore an image, use the -r or the --re-
store-image option. Note that you can restore images from standard input by using '-' as the SOURCE file.
Metadata-only Cloning
One of the features of ntfsclone is that, it can also save only the NTFS metadata using the option -m or --metadata and the clone still
will be mountable. In this case all non-metadata file content will be lost and reading them back will result always zeros.
The metadata-only image can be compressed very well, usually to not more than 1-8 MB thus it's easy to transfer for investigation, trou-
bleshooting.
In this mode of ntfsclone, NONE of the user's data is saved, including the resident user's data embedded into metadata. All is filled with
zeros. Moreover all the file timestamps, deleted and unused spaces inside the metadata are filled with zeros. Thus this mode is inappro-
priate for example for forensic analyses.
Please note, filenames are not wiped out. They might contain sensitive information, so think twice before sending such an image to anybody.
OPTIONS
Below is a summary of all the options that ntfsclone accepts. Nearly all options have two equivalent names. The short name is preceded by
- and the long name is preceded by -- . Any single letter options, that don't take an argument, can be combined into a single command,
e.g. -fv is equivalent to -f -v . Long named options can be abbreviated to any unique prefix of their name.
-o, --output FILE
Clone NTFS to the non-existent FILE. If FILE is '-' then clone to the standard output.
-O, --overwrite FILE
Clone NTFS to FILE, overwriting if exists.
-s, --save-image
Save to the special image format. This is the most efficient way space and speed-wise if imaging is done to the standard output,
e.g. for image compression, encryption or streaming through a network.
-r, --restore-image
Restore from the special image format specified by SOURCE argument. If the SOURCE is '-' then the image is read from the standard
input.
--rescue
Ignore disk read errors so disks having bad sectors, e.g. dying disks, can be rescued the most efficiently way, with minimal stress
on them. Ntfsclone works at the lowest, sector level in this mode too thus more data can be rescued. The contents of the unreadable
sectors are filled by character '?' and the beginning of such sectors are marked by "BadSectoR ".
-m, --metadata
Clone ONLY METADATA (for NTFS experts). Moreover only cloning to a file is allowed. You can't metadata-only clone to a device, im-
age or standard output.
--ignore-fs-check
Ignore the result of the filesystem consistency check. This option is allowed to be used only with the --metadata option, for the
safety of user's data. The clusters which cause the inconsistency are saved too.
-f, --force
Forces ntfsclone to proceed if the filesystem is marked "dirty" for consistency check.
-h, --help
Show a list of options with a brief description of each one.
EXIT CODES
The exit code is 0 on success, non-zero otherwise.
EXAMPLES
Clone NTFS on /dev/hda1 to /dev/hdc1:
ntfsclone --overwrite /dev/hdc1 /dev/hda1
Save an NTFS to a file in the special image format:
ntfsclone --save-image --output backup.img /dev/hda1
Restore an NTFS from a special image file to its original partition:
ntfsclone --restore-image --overwrite /dev/hda1 backup.img
Save an NTFS into a compressed image file:
ntfsclone --save-image -o - /dev/hda1 | gzip -c > backup.img.gz
Restore an NTFS volume from a compressed image file:
gunzip -c backup.img.gz |
ntfsclone --restore-image --overwrite /dev/hda1 -
Backup an NTFS volume to a remote host, using ssh. Please note, that ssh may ask for a password!
ntfsclone --save-image --output - /dev/hda1 |
gzip -c | ssh host 'cat > backup.img.gz'
Restore an NTFS volume from a remote host via ssh. Please note, that ssh may ask for a password!
ssh host 'cat backup.img.gz' | gunzip -c |
ntfsclone --restore-image --overwrite /dev/hda1 -
Stream an image file from a web server and restore it to a partition:
wget -qO - http://server/backup.img |
ntfsclone --restore-image --overwrite /dev/hda1 -
Clone an NTFS volume to a non-existent file:
ntfsclone --output ntfs-clone.img /dev/hda1
Pack NTFS metadata for NTFS experts. Please note that bzip2 runs very long but results usually at least 10 times smaller archives than
gzip.
ntfsclone --metadata --output ntfsmeta.img /dev/hda1
bzip2 ntfsmeta.img
Unpacking NTFS metadata into a sparse file:
bunzip2 -c ntfsmeta.img.bz2 |
cp --sparse=always /proc/self/fd/0 ntfsmeta.img
KNOWN ISSUES
There are no known problems with ntfsclone. If you think you have found a problem then please send an email describing it to the develop-
ment team: linux-ntfs-dev@lists.sourceforge.net
Sometimes it might appear ntfsclone froze if the clone is on ReiserFS and even CTRL-C won't stop it. This is not a bug in ntfsclone, howev-
er it's due to ReiserFS being extremely inefficient creating large sparse files and not handling signals during this operation. This Reis-
erFS problem was improved in kernel 2.4.22. XFS, JFS and ext3 don't have this problem.
AUTHORS
ntfsclone was written by Szabolcs Szakacsits with contributions from Per Olofsson (special image format support) and Anton Altaparmakov.
AVAILABILITY
ntfsclone is part of the ntfsprogs package and is available at:
http://www.linux-ntfs.org/content/view/19/37
The latest manual pages are available at:
http://man.linux-ntfs.org/
Additional up-to-date information can be found furthermore at:
http://wiki.linux-ntfs.org/doku.php?id=ntfsclone
SEE ALSO
ntfsresize(8) ntfsprogs(8) xfs_copy(8) debugreiserfs(8) e2image(8)
ntfsprogs 1.13.1 February 2006 NTFSCLONE(8)
