Use $0 instead of $1 (which is what I should have used):

Code:

awk '{
 print  substr($0,1,9) "|" \
        substr($0,10,20) "|" \
        substr($0,30,50) "|" \
        substr($0,80,10) "|" \
        substr($0,90,50) "|" \
        substr($0,140,10) "|" \
        substr($0,150,50) "|" \
        substr($0,200,10) "|" \
        substr($0,210,50) "|" \
        substr($0,260,10) "|" \
        substr($0,270,8) "|" \
        substr($0,278,8)
}' filename.txt > FinalResult.txt