BADBLOCKS(8)						      System Manager's Manual						      BADBLOCKS(8)

NAME

       badblocks - search a device for bad blocks

SYNOPSIS

       badblocks  [  -svwnfBX ] [ -b block_size ] [ -c blocks_at_once ] [ -d read_delay_factor ] [ -e max_bad_blocks ] [ -i input_file ] [ -o out-
       put_file ] [ -p num_passes ] [ -t test_pattern ] device [ last_block ] [ first_block ]

DESCRIPTION

       badblocks is used to search for bad blocks on a device (usually a disk partition).  device is the special file corresponding to the  device
       (e.g  /dev/hdc1).   last_block  is the last block to be checked; if it is not specified, the last block on the device is used as a default.
       first_block is an optional parameter specifying the starting block number for the test, which allows the testing to start in the middle	of
       the disk.  If it is not specified the first block on the disk is used as a default.

       Important  note:  If  the  output  of badblocks is going to be fed to the e2fsck or mke2fs programs, it is important that the block size is
       properly specified, since the block numbers which are generated are very dependent on the block size in use by the  filesystem.	 For  this
       reason, it is strongly recommended that users not run badblocks directly, but rather use the -c option of the e2fsck and mke2fs programs.

OPTIONS

       -b block_size
	      Specify the size of blocks in bytes.  The default is 1024.

       -c number of blocks
	      is the number of blocks which are tested at a time.  The default is 64.

       -d read delay factor
	      This parameter, if passed and non-zero, will cause bad blocks to sleep between reads if there were no errors encountered in the read
	      operation; the delay will be calculated as a percentage of the time it took for the read operation to be performed. In other  words,
	      a value of 100 will cause each read to be delayed by the amount the previous read took, and a value of 200 by twice the amount.

       -e max bad block count
	      Specify  a maximum number of bad blocks before aborting the test.  The default is 0, meaning the test will continue until the end of
	      the test range is reached.

       -f     Normally, badblocks will refuse to do a read/write or a non-destructive test on a device which is mounted, since	either	can  cause
	      the  system  to potentially crash and/or damage the filesystem even if it is mounted read-only.  This can be overridden using the -f
	      flag, but should almost never be used --- if you think you're smarter than the badblocks program, you almost certainly aren't.   The
	      only time when this option might be safe to use is if the /etc/mtab file is incorrect, and the device really isn't mounted.

       -i input_file
	      Read  a  list  of  already  existing known bad blocks.  Badblocks will skip testing these blocks since they are known to be bad.	If
	      input_file is specified as "-", the list will be read from the standard input.  Blocks listed in this list will be omitted from  the
	      list  of new bad blocks produced on the standard output or in the output file.  The -b option of dumpe2fs(8) can be used to retrieve
	      the list of blocks currently marked bad on an existing filesystem, in a format suitable for use with this option.

       -n     Use non-destructive read-write mode.  By default only a non-destructive read-only test is done.  This option must  not  be  combined
	      with the -w option, as they are mutually exclusive.

       -o output_file
	      Write  the  list of bad blocks to the specified file.  Without this option, badblocks displays the list on its standard output.  The
	      format of this file is suitable for use by the -l option in e2fsck(8) or mke2fs(8).

       -p num_passes
	      Repeat scanning the disk until there are no new blocks discovered in num_passes consecutive scans of the disk.  Default is 0,  mean-
	      ing badblocks will exit after the first pass.

       -s     Show  the  progress  of  the scan by writing out rough percentage completion of the current badblocks pass over the disk.  Note that
	      badblocks may do multiple test passes over the disk, in particular if the -p or -w option is requested by the user.

       -t test_pattern
	      Specify a test pattern to be read (and written) to disk blocks.	The test_pattern may either be	a  numeric  value  between  0  and
	      ULONG_MAX-1  inclusive,  or  the	word  "random",  which	specifies  that the block should be filled with a random bit pattern.  For
	      read/write (-w) and non-destructive (-n) modes, one or more test patterns may be specified by specifying the -t option for each test
	      pattern  desired.   For  read-only mode only a single pattern may be specified and it may not be "random".  Read-only testing with a
	      pattern assumes that the specified pattern has previously been written to the disk - if not, large numbers of blocks will fail veri-
	      fication.  If multiple patterns are specified then all blocks will be tested with one pattern before proceeding to the next pattern.

       -v     Verbose mode.  Will write the number of read errors, write errors and data- corruptions to stderr.

       -w     Use  write-mode  test.  With  this option, badblocks scans for bad blocks by writing some patterns (0xaa, 0x55, 0xff, 0x00) on every
	      block of the device, reading every block and comparing the contents.  This option may not be combined with the -n  option,  as  they
	      are mutually exclusive.

       -B     Use buffered I/O and do not use Direct I/O, even if it is available.

       -X     Internal flag only to be used by e2fsck(8) and mke2fs(8).  It bypasses the exclusive mode in-use device safety check.

WARNING

       Never  use the -w option on a device containing an existing file system.  This option erases data!  If you want to do write-mode testing on
       an existing file system, use the -n option instead.  It is slower, but it will preserve your data.

       The -e option will cause badblocks to output a possibly incomplete list of bad blocks. Therefore it is recommended to use it only when  one
       wants to know if there are any bad blocks at all on the device, and not when the list of bad blocks is wanted.

AUTHOR

       badblocks  was  written	by  Remy  Card	<Remy.Card@linux.org>.	Current maintainer is Theodore Ts'o <tytso@alum.mit.edu>.  Non-destructive
       read/write test implemented by David Beattie <dbeattie@softhome.net>.

AVAILABILITY

       badblocks is part of the e2fsprogs package and is available from http://e2fsprogs.sourceforge.net.

SEE ALSO

       e2fsck(8), mke2fs(8)

E2fsprogs version 1.44.1					    March 2018							      BADBLOCKS(8)